{"version":"1.2.0","review_date":"2026-10-21","population_baseline_year":2020,"languages_order":["en","zh","ja","ar","es","vi","de","ko","id","fr"],"locale":{"en":{"language":"English","native":"English","region":"United States · United Kingdom · Australia · parts of Africa and South Asia","headline":"Religious diversity across English-speaking societies","intro":"English is used in societies with very different religious profiles. Christianity is historically influential in many of them, alongside Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and people with no religious affiliation.","caution":"The United Kingdom, the United States, Nigeria and India must not be treated as one religious population. Religion is not determined by language.","refs":["pew2025","ons","africa"],"cards":[{"id":"en-1","name":"Christianity","description":"Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox and other Christian communities differ by country.","type":"faith"},{"id":"en-2","name":"Islam","description":"Present in many English-speaking societies, including large communities in Africa and South Asia.","type":"faith"},{"id":"en-3","name":"Hinduism","description":"Important in India and English-speaking diaspora communities.","type":"faith"},{"id":"en-4","name":"Buddhism and other religions","description":"Buddhist, Sikh, Jewish and other communities also form part of the landscape.","type":"faith"},{"id":"en-5","name":"Religiously unaffiliated","description":"Atheist, agnostic and no-particular-religion identities are important in several countries.","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"Daoism / Taoism","link":"Daoism spotlight","cta":"Explore Daoism","eyebrow":"CULTURAL FEATURE · DAOISM","title":"Daoism: Living in Harmony with the Way","sub":"Explore classical thought, sacred texts, religious lineages, temples, rituals and cultural connections.","context":"Originating in China, Daoism (also spelled Taoism) encompasses philosophical ideas, organized religious communities, self-cultivation and ritual traditions. It has interacted with folk religion, Buddhism and Confucianism, but these traditions are not identical.","values":["The Dao and nature","Non-coercive action","Compassion and humility","Cultivation of life"],"cards":[["Ideas and religion","Texts associated with Laozi and Zhuangzi emerged in early Chinese thought. Organized Daoist movements, including the Celestial Masters, developed later. Philosophy and religion are useful scholarly lenses, but their histories overlap."],["Core concepts","Dao can be understood as the Way or underlying course of things. Ziran points to naturalness, while wuwei is not inactivity but action without excessive coercion. Yin–yang is a broader Chinese cosmological idea, not unique to Daoism."],["Classical writings","The Daodejing and Zhuangzi are influential works of Daoist thought. The Daozang (Daoist Canon) preserves many later scriptures, rituals, rules and historical materials. The dating and authorship of early texts remain debated."],["Major lineages","Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity), linked to Celestial Masters traditions, is known for community ritual practice. Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) emphasizes disciplined cultivation and monastic forms. Local institutions vary considerably."],["Deities and temples","The Three Pure Ones are central deities in many Daoist settings; Lord Lao and the Jade Emperor also appear in traditions. Devotion to Mazu and local gods may overlap with Daoist ritual but should not automatically be classified as exclusively Daoist."],["Ritual and festivals","Scripture chanting, communal rites, offerings, temple festivals and charitable activities differ by region. In Taiwan, religious festivals often cross boundaries among Daoism, Buddhism and local traditions. Participation does not always imply formal affiliation."],["Cultivation and well-being","Meditation, breathing practices, ethical discipline and care for the natural world feature in some Daoist traditions. Practices differ across lineages, and cultural or wellness traditions should not be presented as proven medical treatment."],["Global dialogue","Daoist texts and traditions have travelled through diaspora communities, translation and intercultural exchange. Their concern for nature and moderation can inspire modern dialogue, without implying that all Daoists share identical views."]],"method":"Religious affiliation and cultural practice differ. Pew global charts place Daoism within broader “other religions”; they do not independently measure the worldwide Daoist population.","goBack":"Back to the 10-language overview","research":"Daoism research references","more":"Read further","sourceNote":"An educational overview; it does not speak for any Daoist school, temple or religious community."}},"zh":{"language":"中文","native":"繁體中文","region":"台灣 · 中國大陸 · 新加坡 · 全球華語社群","headline":"華語社會的宗教與民間文化","intro":"華語地區兼具佛教、道教、民間信仰、基督宗教、伊斯蘭教及無宗教認同。祖先崇敬與傳統祭典不一定代表正式宗教隸屬。","caution":"台灣、中國大陸與新加坡的宗教組成不同；儒家思想通常兼具倫理與哲學意義，不能逕行當作單一宗教。","refs":["china","eastasia","eastcom"],"cards":[{"id":"zh-1","name":"佛教","description":"大乘佛教及其他佛教傳統影響華語社會，正式認同與文化實踐程度可能不同。","type":"faith"},{"id":"zh-2","name":"道教","description":"包括道教經典、修行與儀式，並經常與地方文化交融。","type":"faith","featured":"taoism"},{"id":"zh-3","name":"民間信仰與祖先崇敬","description":"媽祖、土地公及各地祭典，常與佛教、道教和地方習俗交融。","type":"tradition"},{"id":"zh-4","name":"基督宗教","description":"包括天主教、基督新教及其他教會傳統。","type":"faith"},{"id":"zh-5","name":"伊斯蘭教","description":"存在於華語社會中的穆斯林與不同族群社區。","type":"faith"},{"id":"zh-6","name":"無宗教認同","description":"未隸屬宗教，不代表一定不參與祭祖、廟會或文化儀式。","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"道教","link":"道教重點專區","cta":"深入了解道教","eyebrow":"文化深度專題 · 道教","title":"道教：順應自然，崇尚和諧","sub":"從老莊思想、經典傳承到道教宮廟與當代文化，認識跨越世代的「道」。","context":"道教源於中國文化，兼具思想、宗教組織、修行與科儀傳統。它與民間信仰、佛教、儒家思想長期互動，但不應全部混為同一體系。","values":["道法自然","無為而治","慈愛與謙和","身心修養"],"cards":[["思想與宗教","先秦的老子、莊子經典形成重要思想資源；漢代以後的天師道等宗教團體逐步發展。將「道家哲學」和「道教信仰」作為兩種研究角度，有助理解歷史，但兩者並非完全分離。"],["核心精神","「道」常被理解為萬物的根本途徑；「自然」強調事物依其本性運作，「無為」並非什麼都不做，而是避免過度強制。陰陽觀念也廣泛存在於整個中國傳統文化，並非道教獨有。"],["重要經典","《道德經》與《莊子》是理解道家及道教的重要典籍；歷代累積的《道藏》包含經典、戒律、科儀、修行與歷史文獻。文本形成與作者年代在學界仍有討論。"],["主要傳承","今日常見的主要教派包括正一道（承繼天師道傳統，重視社群科儀）和全真道（重視清修、戒律與內在修持）；各地宮觀及支派實際做法並不完全一致。"],["神祇與宮廟","三清是道教重要尊神；太上老君、玉皇大帝等也出現在不同道教脈絡。媽祖、土地公等地方信仰可能與道教科儀相交融，但不能據此把所有祭祀一律視為道教。"],["儀式與民俗","誦經、齋醮、祝禱、節慶、廟會與社區互助在不同地區各具特色。台灣宮廟經常融合道教、佛教與地方民俗；參與祭典不一定等於正式的道教宗教認同。"],["身心與生活","靜坐、修身、調息及重視生命和環境的觀念，是若干道教傳承與道家思想的重要面向；實際修持須視教派而定，不應把養生方法說成醫療療效。"],["全球交流與和平","道教及相關中華文化透過移民社群、經典翻譯和文化交流傳播海外。當代可從尊重自然、節制與互助中汲取跨文化對話靈感，但這些是教育性的現代延伸，並非所有信眾的共同立場。"]],"method":"文化與宗教認同不能混同。全球資料將道教等納入「其他宗教」大類，無法從該圖直接推算道教信徒人數。","goBack":"返回十大語系宗教總覽","research":"道教專題參考資料","more":"延伸閱讀","sourceNote":"本專區為多語文化教育介紹，並非代表任何宮廟、道派或宗教團體發言。"}},"ja":{"language":"日本語","native":"日本語","region":"日本","headline":"日本の宗教と文化的な信仰","intro":"日本では神道と仏教が歴史・習慣に深く関わり、キリスト教徒や特定の宗教に所属しない人々も暮らしています。","caution":"初詣、神社参拝、先祖供養などへの参加は、必ずしも宗教団体への所属を意味しません。","refs":["eastasia","eastcom","pew2025"],"cards":[{"id":"ja-1","name":"神道","description":"神社、祭礼、神々（カミ）への敬意を中心とする日本固有の伝統です。","type":"tradition"},{"id":"ja-2","name":"仏教","description":"葬送、先祖供養、寺院文化などに大きな影響があります。","type":"faith"},{"id":"ja-3","name":"キリスト教","description":"規模は比較的小さいものの、教会や教育・福祉分野でも存在しています。","type":"faith"},{"id":"ja-4","name":"祖先供養と地域の祭礼","description":"複数の伝統が重なり合う文化的実践です。","type":"tradition"},{"id":"ja-5","name":"無宗教・宗教的無所属","description":"特定の宗教を名乗らなくても、伝統行事に参加する人がいます。","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"道教","link":"道教特集","cta":"道教を詳しく見る","eyebrow":"文化特集 · 道教","title":"道教：自然と調和して生きる道","sub":"老荘思想から経典、宗派、道観、儀礼まで、道教の多様な姿を紹介します。","context":"中国に起源をもつ道教には、思想・宗教組織・修行・儀礼などの側面があります。民間信仰、仏教、儒教とは長く交流してきましたが、同一ではありません。","values":["道と自然","無為","慈しみと謙虚さ","心身の修養"],"cards":[["思想と宗教","老子・荘子に結びつく古典思想が重要な源流です。後漢以降、天師道などの宗教共同体が発展しました。「哲学」と「宗教」の区分は便利ですが、歴史的には重なりがあります。"],["基本概念","「道」は万物のあり方を導く道筋、「自然」はおのずからのあり方を意味します。「無為」は無活動ではなく、過剰に強制しないことです。陰陽思想は中国文化全体にも広がっています。"],["重要な経典","『道徳経』と『荘子』は重要な古典です。『道蔵』には歴代の教典、儀礼文書、戒律などが集成されています。古典の成立年代や著者については学術的議論があります。"],["主要な宗派","正一道は天師道の伝統を受け継ぎ、共同体の儀礼を重んじます。全真道は修養・戒律や出家制度で知られます。地域や道観によって実践は異なります。"],["神々と道観","三清は重要な道教の尊神であり、太上老君や玉皇大帝なども信仰されます。媽祖などの地方信仰と道教儀礼が交わる場合もありますが、すべてを道教とみなすことはできません。"],["儀礼と祭り","読経、斎醮、祈願、廟会などの内容は地域によって異なります。台湾などでは仏教や民間信仰との交流も見られ、祭りへの参加が必ずしも正式な宗教所属を示すわけではありません。"],["修養と暮らし","瞑想、呼吸法、倫理的修養、自然への配慮などは一部の道教伝統に見られます。ただし宗派による違いがあり、養生法の医療効果を断定すべきではありません。"],["世界との対話","道教は海外の華人社会や翻訳、文化交流を通じて広がりました。自然との調和や節度は現代の対話に示唆を与えますが、すべての信徒の見解を代表するものではありません。"]],"method":"信仰上の所属と文化習俗は別です。世界宗教統計の「その他の宗教」から道教人口だけを算出することはできません。","goBack":"10言語の宗教一覧に戻る","research":"道教の参考資料","more":"詳しく読む","sourceNote":"本ページは文化教育のための紹介であり、特定の道観・宗派を代表しません。"}},"ar":{"language":"العربية","native":"العربية","region":"الشرق الأوسط · شمال أفريقيا · مجتمعات عربية حول العالم","headline":"الأديان والتقاليد في المجتمعات الناطقة بالعربية","intro":"الإسلام هو الديانة الأوسع انتشارًا في كثير من البلدان العربية، وتوجد أيضًا مجتمعات مسيحية عريقة وأقليات دينية متنوعة.","caution":"لا تعني اللغة العربية انتماءً دينيًا واحدًا؛ وتختلف التركيبة بين البلدان والمناطق.","refs":["muslim","pew2025"],"cards":[{"id":"ar-1","name":"الإسلام السني","description":"يشكل تقليدًا إسلاميًا رئيسيًا في كثير من البلدان العربية.","type":"faith"},{"id":"ar-2","name":"الإسلام الشيعي","description":"حاضر بنسب متفاوتة في بلدان ومجتمعات عربية مختلفة.","type":"faith"},{"id":"ar-3","name":"المسيحية","description":"تشمل تقاليد كنسية تاريخية مثل الأرثوذكسية والكاثوليكية والبروتستانتية.","type":"faith"},{"id":"ar-4","name":"طوائف وتقاليد أخرى","description":"توجد تقاليد دينية ومحلية متنوعة تختلف باختلاف البلد.","type":"faith"},{"id":"ar-5","name":"غير المنتمين دينيًا","description":"توجد أيضًا هويات غير دينية، ولا ينبغي افتراض دين الفرد من لغته.","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"الطاوية","link":"ملف خاص: الطاوية","cta":"تعرّف إلى الطاوية","eyebrow":"ملف ثقافي · الطاوية","title":"الطاوية: الانسجام مع الطريق والطبيعة","sub":"مدخل إلى الفكر الكلاسيكي والنصوص والتقاليد الدينية والمعابد والطقوس الطاوية.","context":"نشأت الطاوية في الصين، وتشمل أفكارًا فلسفية وجماعات دينية وممارسات روحية وطقوسًا. وقد تفاعلت مع المعتقدات الشعبية والبوذية والكونفوشيوسية، لكنها لا تتطابق معها.","values":["الطريق والطبيعة","الفعل بلا إكراه","الرحمة والتواضع","تهذيب النفس"],"cards":[["الفكر والدين","تُعد النصوص المنسوبة إلى لاوتسه وتشوانغ تسي من منابع الفكر الطاوي. ثم تطورت حركات دينية منظّمة مثل تقليد المعلّمين السماويين. والتمييز بين الفلسفة والدين مفيد للدراسة، لكنه ليس فصلًا تاريخيًا كاملًا."],["المفاهيم الأساسية","يشير «الداو» إلى الطريق أو النمط العميق للأشياء، وتشير «الطبيعية» إلى سيرها وفق طبيعتها. أما «وو وي» فلا يعني الكسل، بل تجنّب الإكراه المفرط. وفكرة الين واليانغ أوسع من الطاوية وحدها."],["الكتب الأساسية","من أبرز النصوص «داو ده جينغ» و«تشوانغ تسي». وتضم مجموعة «داو تسانغ» نصوصًا دينية وطقسية وتاريخية عديدة. ولا يزال الباحثون يناقشون تاريخ تأليف بعض الأعمال القديمة."],["المدارس الكبرى","يرتبط تقليد «تشنغ يي» بطقوس الجماعات الدينية وبتراث المعلّمين السماويين. ويؤكد تقليد «تشوان تشن» التزكية والانضباط والحياة الرهبانية في بعض فروعه. وتختلف الممارسات محليًا."],["الآلهة والمعابد","تحتل «النقاوات الثلاث» مكانة مهمة في عبادات طاوية كثيرة، إلى جانب شخصيات مثل لاوجون والإمبراطور اليشمي. وقد تتداخل طقوس الطاوية مع عبادة مازو والآلهة المحلية، دون أن تكون جميعها طاوية حصريًا."],["الطقوس والأعياد","تتنوّع تلاوة النصوص والاحتفالات والصلوات والأنشطة الخيرية بين المناطق. وقد تجتمع في معابد تايوان تقاليد طاوية وبوذية وشعبية. والمشاركة في مهرجان لا تعني بالضرورة الانتماء الديني الرسمي."],["التهذيب والحياة","تظهر ممارسات التأمل والتنفس والانضباط الأخلاقي والعناية بالطبيعة في بعض التقاليد الطاوية، مع اختلافها بين المدارس. ولا ينبغي تقديم الممارسات الثقافية بوصفها علاجات طبية مثبتة."],["الحوار العالمي","انتقلت نصوص الطاوية وممارساتها عبر الجاليات الصينية والترجمة والتبادل الثقافي. ويمكن لقيم الاعتدال والانسجام مع الطبيعة أن تغني الحوار المعاصر، دون نسب رأي واحد إلى جميع أتباعها."]],"method":"لا يتطابق الانتماء الديني مع المشاركة الثقافية. وتدرج الإحصاءات العالمية الطاوية ضمن فئة أوسع هي «ديانات أخرى»، فلا توفر تعدادًا مستقلًا لأتباعها.","goBack":"العودة إلى نظرة الأديان بعشر لغات","research":"المراجع حول الطاوية","more":"قراءة إضافية","sourceNote":"هذا تعريف تعليمي لا يمثل أي مدرسة أو معبد أو جماعة دينية."}},"es":{"language":"Español","native":"Español","region":"España · México · Centroamérica · Sudamérica","headline":"Religiones y tradiciones del mundo hispanohablante","intro":"El catolicismo ha tenido una gran influencia histórica, junto con iglesias protestantes y evangélicas, tradiciones indígenas y personas sin afiliación religiosa.","caution":"España y los países latinoamericanos presentan perfiles religiosos diferentes; hablar español no implica una religión determinada.","refs":["pew2025"],"cards":[{"id":"es-1","name":"Catolicismo","description":"Una tradición histórica central en España y gran parte de América Latina.","type":"faith"},{"id":"es-2","name":"Protestantismo y cristianismo evangélico","description":"Comunidades presentes en numerosos países hispanohablantes.","type":"faith"},{"id":"es-3","name":"Espiritualidades indígenas","description":"Cosmovisiones y prácticas locales que a veces conviven con el cristianismo.","type":"tradition"},{"id":"es-4","name":"Otras religiones","description":"También existen comunidades musulmanas, judías, budistas y otras.","type":"faith"},{"id":"es-5","name":"Sin afiliación religiosa","description":"Incluye personas ateas, agnósticas o sin religión particular.","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"Taoísmo","link":"Especial: taoísmo","cta":"Conocer el taoísmo","eyebrow":"ENFOQUE CULTURAL · TAOÍSMO","title":"Taoísmo: vivir en armonía con el Camino","sub":"Una guía a los textos clásicos, las escuelas religiosas, los templos, los ritos y la cultura.","context":"Originado en China, el taoísmo (también llamado daoísmo) abarca pensamiento filosófico, comunidades religiosas, cultivo personal y prácticas rituales. Ha interactuado con las religiones populares, el budismo y el confucianismo, sin ser idéntico a ellos.","values":["El Dao y la naturaleza","Acción sin imposición","Compasión y humildad","Cultivo interior"],"cards":[["Pensamiento y religión","Los textos vinculados a Laozi y Zhuangzi son fuentes fundamentales. Más tarde surgieron comunidades religiosas organizadas, como los Maestros Celestiales. La distinción entre filosofía y religión ayuda a estudiar su historia, aunque ambas se entrecruzan."],["Conceptos centrales","El Dao puede entenderse como el Camino o curso profundo de las cosas. Ziran alude a la naturalidad y wuwei a actuar sin imponer en exceso, no a la pasividad. El yin y el yang también pertenecen a la cosmología china más amplia."],["Textos principales","El Daodejing y el Zhuangzi son clásicos fundamentales. El Daozang o Canon Daoísta reúne numerosos textos posteriores, rituales y reglas. La autoría y las fechas de algunos escritos antiguos siguen siendo objeto de debate."],["Escuelas principales","Zhengyi, heredera de los Maestros Celestiales, destaca por sus ritos comunitarios. Quanzhen pone énfasis en el cultivo espiritual y, en algunos ámbitos, la vida monástica. Las prácticas varían entre lugares y comunidades."],["Deidades y templos","Los Tres Puros ocupan un lugar central en muchas tradiciones; también figuran Lao Jun y el Emperador de Jade. La devoción a Mazu y a divinidades locales puede entrelazarse con ritos taoístas, pero no es exclusivamente taoísta."],["Rituales y festivales","Lecturas rituales, ofrendas, celebraciones y labores comunitarias adoptan formas regionales. En Taiwán se combinan a menudo elementos taoístas, budistas y populares; acudir a una fiesta no implica necesariamente una afiliación formal."],["Cultivo y vida cotidiana","La meditación, la respiración, la disciplina ética y el respeto por la naturaleza aparecen en distintas tradiciones. No deben atribuirse efectos médicos demostrados a prácticas culturales sin evidencia específica."],["Diálogo mundial","Los textos y las tradiciones taoístas viajaron mediante la diáspora, las traducciones y el intercambio cultural. Su interés por la moderación y la naturaleza puede inspirar el diálogo actual sin representar a todos los creyentes."]],"method":"La identidad religiosa no es igual a la práctica cultural. Las estadísticas mundiales agrupan el taoísmo entre «otras religiones» y no permiten calcular por separado sus seguidores.","goBack":"Volver al panorama en diez idiomas","research":"Fuentes sobre el taoísmo","more":"Más información","sourceNote":"Contenido educativo; no representa a ninguna escuela, templo ni comunidad religiosa."}},"vi":{"language":"Tiếng Việt","native":"Tiếng Việt","region":"Việt Nam · cộng đồng người Việt ở nước ngoài","headline":"Tôn giáo và tín ngưỡng trong văn hóa Việt Nam","intro":"Đời sống tâm linh Việt Nam có tín ngưỡng thờ cúng tổ tiên, Phật giáo, Công giáo, Tin Lành, Phật giáo Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài và những người không theo tôn giáo.","caution":"Số người khai theo tôn giáo chính thức khác với số người thực hành nghi lễ truyền thống hoặc chịu ảnh hưởng của Phật giáo.","refs":["vietnam","vietnam-context","eastasia"],"cards":[{"id":"vi-1","name":"Tín ngưỡng thờ cúng tổ tiên","description":"Thực hành văn hóa và tâm linh rộng rãi, không nhất thiết gắn với một tôn giáo chính thức.","type":"tradition"},{"id":"vi-2","name":"Phật giáo","description":"Truyền thống Đại thừa có ảnh hưởng lớn; các cộng đồng Khmer còn thực hành Phật giáo Nam tông.","type":"faith"},{"id":"vi-3","name":"Công giáo và Tin Lành","description":"Hai truyền thống Kitô giáo có cộng đồng tín hữu tại Việt Nam.","type":"faith"},{"id":"vi-4","name":"Phật giáo Hòa Hảo","description":"Phong trào tôn giáo hình thành tại miền Nam Việt Nam.","type":"faith"},{"id":"vi-5","name":"Đạo Cao Đài","description":"Tôn giáo ra đời tại Việt Nam với bản sắc riêng.","type":"faith"},{"id":"vi-6","name":"Không thuộc tôn giáo","description":"Một số người không nhận mình theo đạo nhưng vẫn thực hành lễ nghi gia đình.","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"Đạo giáo","link":"Chuyên đề Đạo giáo","cta":"Tìm hiểu Đạo giáo","eyebrow":"CHUYÊN ĐỀ VĂN HÓA · ĐẠO GIÁO","title":"Đạo giáo: Sống hài hòa với Đạo và tự nhiên","sub":"Tìm hiểu tư tưởng Lão–Trang, kinh điển, các tông phái, đền quán, nghi lễ và giao lưu văn hóa.","context":"Đạo giáo có nguồn gốc từ Trung Hoa, bao gồm tư tưởng triết học, tổ chức tôn giáo, tu dưỡng và nghi lễ. Đạo giáo có tương tác lâu dài với tín ngưỡng dân gian, Phật giáo và Nho giáo nhưng không hoàn toàn đồng nhất với các truyền thống ấy.","values":["Đạo và tự nhiên","Vô vi","Từ bi và khiêm nhường","Tu dưỡng thân tâm"],"cards":[["Tư tưởng và tôn giáo","Các tác phẩm gắn với Lão Tử và Trang Tử là nền tảng tư tưởng quan trọng. Về sau xuất hiện những cộng đồng tôn giáo có tổ chức, như Thiên Sư đạo. Phân biệt triết học và tôn giáo giúp nghiên cứu, song lịch sử của chúng có nhiều giao thoa."],["Khái niệm cốt lõi","Đạo có thể được hiểu là con đường hoặc quy luật vận hành sâu xa của vạn vật. Tự nhiên nhấn mạnh sự tự phát đúng bản tính; vô vi không phải không làm gì mà là tránh cưỡng ép quá mức. Âm dương thuộc truyền thống tư tưởng Trung Hoa rộng hơn."],["Kinh điển","Đạo Đức Kinh và Nam Hoa Kinh (Trang Tử) là những tác phẩm quan trọng. Đạo Tạng tập hợp nhiều kinh sách, nghi lễ và tư liệu lịch sử. Niên đại và tác giả của một số văn bản cổ vẫn còn được nghiên cứu."],["Các phái chính","Chính Nhất đạo kế thừa truyền thống Thiên Sư và chú trọng nghi lễ cộng đồng. Toàn Chân đạo nhấn mạnh tu dưỡng, giới luật và sinh hoạt tu viện trong một số nhánh. Thực hành ở từng địa phương không hoàn toàn giống nhau."],["Thần linh và đạo quán","Tam Thanh là các đấng tôn quý trong nhiều truyền thống Đạo giáo; Thái Thượng Lão Quân và Ngọc Hoàng cũng được thờ phụng. Tín ngưỡng Thiên Hậu/Mazu và thần địa phương có thể giao thoa với nghi lễ Đạo giáo nhưng không chỉ thuộc riêng Đạo giáo."],["Nghi lễ và lễ hội","Tụng kinh, lễ chay đàn, cầu nguyện, lễ hội đền miếu và hoạt động cộng đồng khác nhau theo khu vực. Tại Đài Loan, nhiều phong tục giao thoa với Phật giáo và tín ngưỡng dân gian; tham dự lễ hội không đồng nghĩa với tư cách tín đồ chính thức."],["Tu dưỡng và đời sống","Thiền định, luyện thở, rèn luyện đạo đức và quan tâm đến thiên nhiên hiện diện trong một số truyền thống. Mỗi trường phái có cách thực hành riêng; không nên coi các phương pháp dưỡng sinh là điều trị y khoa đã được chứng minh."],["Giao lưu toàn cầu","Kinh điển và thực hành Đạo giáo lan rộng qua cộng đồng Hoa kiều, hoạt động dịch thuật và giao lưu văn hóa. Tinh thần tiết độ và hòa hợp tự nhiên có thể gợi mở đối thoại hiện đại nhưng không đại diện cho tất cả tín đồ."]],"method":"Cần phân biệt tư cách tôn giáo với phong tục văn hóa. Số liệu toàn cầu gộp Đạo giáo vào nhóm “các tôn giáo khác”, không thể suy ra số tín đồ riêng từ biểu đồ.","goBack":"Trở lại tổng quan 10 ngôn ngữ","research":"Tài liệu tham khảo về Đạo giáo","more":"Đọc thêm","sourceNote":"Tài liệu giáo dục, không đại diện cho bất kỳ đạo phái, đạo quán hay cộng đồng tôn giáo nào."}},"de":{"language":"Deutsch","native":"Deutsch","region":"Deutschland · Österreich · deutschsprachige Schweiz","headline":"Religiöse Vielfalt im deutschsprachigen Raum","intro":"Katholische und evangelische Traditionen prägen die Geschichte; daneben leben muslimische, jüdische, buddhistische und konfessionslose Menschen.","caution":"Deutschland, Österreich und die Schweiz unterscheiden sich in ihrer Religionsstruktur. Sprache ist kein verlässlicher Hinweis auf Religion.","refs":["pew2025"],"cards":[{"id":"de-1","name":"Römisch-katholisches Christentum","description":"Historisch bedeutend in weiten Teilen des deutschsprachigen Raums.","type":"faith"},{"id":"de-2","name":"Evangelisches Christentum","description":"Lutherische, reformierte und andere protestantische Kirchen.","type":"faith"},{"id":"de-3","name":"Islam","description":"Muslimische Gemeinschaften mit unterschiedlichen Hintergründen.","type":"faith"},{"id":"de-4","name":"Judentum und weitere Religionen","description":"Jüdische Gemeinden sowie buddhistische, orthodoxe und andere Traditionen.","type":"faith"},{"id":"de-5","name":"Konfessionslosigkeit","description":"Viele Menschen gehören keiner Religionsgemeinschaft an.","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"Daoismus","link":"Schwerpunkt Daoismus","cta":"Daoismus entdecken","eyebrow":"KULTUR-SCHWERPUNKT · DAOISMUS","title":"Daoismus: Im Einklang mit dem Weg leben","sub":"Einblick in klassische Texte, religiöse Schulen, Tempel, Rituale und kulturelle Beziehungen.","context":"Der Daoismus, auch Taoismus genannt, entstand in China und umfasst philosophische Ideen, religiöse Gemeinschaften, Selbstkultivierung und Rituale. Er steht im Austausch mit Volksreligion, Buddhismus und Konfuzianismus, ist aber nicht mit ihnen gleichzusetzen.","values":["Dao und Natur","Handeln ohne Zwang","Mitgefühl und Bescheidenheit","Innere Kultivierung"],"cards":[["Denken und Religion","Texte, die Laozi und Zhuangzi zugeschrieben werden, bilden wichtige Grundlagen. Später entstanden organisierte religiöse Bewegungen wie die Himmelsmeister. Die Unterscheidung zwischen Philosophie und Religion ist hilfreich, ihre Geschichte bleibt jedoch verflochten."],["Grundbegriffe","Dao bezeichnet den Weg oder den tieferen Verlauf der Dinge. Ziran meint Natürlichkeit; Wuwei bedeutet nicht Untätigkeit, sondern Handeln ohne übermäßigen Zwang. Yin und Yang gehören zur breiteren chinesischen Vorstellungswelt."],["Wichtige Schriften","Daodejing und Zhuangzi sind klassische Werke. Der Daozang (daoistischer Kanon) enthält zahlreiche spätere Texte, Rituale und Regeln. Über die Entstehung und Datierung früher Schriften wird wissenschaftlich diskutiert."],["Haupttraditionen","Zhengyi steht in der Tradition der Himmelsmeister und ist für Gemeinschaftsrituale bekannt. Quanzhen betont Selbstkultivierung und häufig klösterliche Lebensformen. Die konkrete Praxis unterscheidet sich regional."],["Gottheiten und Tempel","Die Drei Reinen sind in vielen daoistischen Traditionen zentral; auch Lao Jun und der Jadekaiser spielen eine Rolle. Der Mazu-Kult und lokale Gottheiten können mit daoistischen Riten verbunden sein, sind jedoch nicht ausschließlich daoistisch."],["Rituale und Feste","Rezitationen, Opfergaben, gemeinschaftliche Feiern und Wohltätigkeit nehmen regional unterschiedliche Formen an. In Taiwan überschneiden sich daoistische, buddhistische und lokale Bräuche. Die Teilnahme bedeutet nicht zwingend eine formelle Religionszugehörigkeit."],["Kultivierung und Alltag","Meditation, Atemübungen, ethische Disziplin und ein achtsamer Umgang mit der Natur prägen einige Traditionen. Praktiken unterscheiden sich; kulturelle Übungen sind nicht ohne Belege als medizinische Behandlung darzustellen."],["Globaler Austausch","Durch Migration, Übersetzungen und kulturellen Austausch wurden daoistische Werke weltweit bekannt. Naturverbundenheit und Mäßigung können den Dialog inspirieren, ohne dass alle Anhänger dieselben Ansichten teilen."]],"method":"Religionszugehörigkeit und kulturelle Praxis sind nicht gleichzusetzen. Globale Statistiken zählen den Daoismus zu „anderen Religionen“ und weisen keine eigene weltweite Anhängerzahl aus.","goBack":"Zur Übersicht der zehn Sprachen","research":"Quellen zum Daoismus","more":"Weiterlesen","sourceNote":"Bildungsangebot; keine Vertretung einer daoistischen Schule, eines Tempels oder einer Religionsgemeinschaft."}},"ko":{"language":"한국어","native":"한국어","region":"대한민국 · 전 세계 한국어 사용 공동체","headline":"한국 사회의 종교와 전통 신앙","intro":"한국 사회에는 개신교, 천주교, 불교, 민간 신앙과 종교가 없는 사람들이 함께 살아갑니다.","caution":"유교적 생활문화나 조상 제례를 실천한다고 해서 반드시 특정 종교 단체에 속하는 것은 아닙니다.","refs":["eastasia","eastcom"],"cards":[{"id":"ko-1","name":"개신교","description":"한국의 주요 기독교 전통 중 하나입니다.","type":"faith"},{"id":"ko-2","name":"천주교","description":"한국 사회의 또 다른 주요 기독교 전통입니다.","type":"faith"},{"id":"ko-3","name":"불교","description":"사찰과 수행 전통이 오랜 문화적 영향을 미쳐 왔습니다.","type":"faith"},{"id":"ko-4","name":"유교 문화와 민간 신앙","description":"조상 제례와 지역의 다양한 전통 관습을 포함합니다.","type":"tradition"},{"id":"ko-5","name":"무종교","description":"특정 종교를 갖지 않으면서 문화적 의례에 참여할 수도 있습니다.","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"도교","link":"도교 특별 기획","cta":"도교 자세히 보기","eyebrow":"문화 심층 기획 · 도교","title":"도교: 도와 자연의 조화","sub":"노장사상에서 경전, 종파, 도관, 의례와 문화적 교류까지 살펴봅니다.","context":"중국에서 형성된 도교에는 철학적 사유, 종교 공동체, 심신 수양, 의례 전통이 함께 존재합니다. 민간신앙, 불교, 유교와 오랫동안 교류했지만 모두 같은 전통은 아닙니다.","values":["도와 자연","무위","자비와 겸손","심신 수양"],"cards":[["사상과 종교","노자와 장자에 관련된 고전은 중요한 사상적 원천입니다. 이후 천사도 등 조직적인 종교 공동체가 발전했습니다. 철학과 종교의 구분은 이해에 유용하지만 실제 역사에서는 서로 겹칩니다."],["핵심 개념","도는 만물이 따르는 길 또는 근본 질서를 뜻합니다. 자연은 스스로 그러함을, 무위는 아무것도 하지 않는 것이 아니라 지나친 강제를 피하는 태도를 가리킵니다. 음양은 중국 문화 전반에도 나타나는 개념입니다."],["중요 경전","《도덕경》과 《장자》는 대표적인 고전입니다. 《도장》에는 여러 시대의 경전, 의례, 계율과 역사 자료가 수록되어 있습니다. 초기 문헌의 저자와 성립 시기는 학술적으로 논의되고 있습니다."],["주요 종파","정일도는 천사도 전통을 잇고 공동체 의례를 중시합니다. 전진도는 수양과 계율, 일부 수도원 전통을 강조합니다. 지역과 도관에 따라 실제 수행 방식은 다양합니다."],["신격과 도관","삼청은 많은 도교 전통에서 중요한 신격이며 태상노군과 옥황상제도 등장합니다. 마조와 지역 신앙이 도교 의례와 결합하기도 하지만 모든 민간 제사를 도교로 분류할 수는 없습니다."],["의례와 축제","경전 낭송, 재초, 기도, 사원 축제 및 공동체 활동은 지역별로 다릅니다. 대만의 사원 문화에는 불교와 민간신앙도 섞여 있으며, 축제 참여가 반드시 공식적인 종교 소속을 뜻하지는 않습니다."],["수양과 일상","명상, 호흡 수련, 윤리적 절제, 자연에 대한 존중은 일부 도교 전통에서 중요합니다. 종파마다 방식이 다르며, 양생법의 의학적 효능을 근거 없이 단정해서는 안 됩니다."],["세계적 교류","도교의 경전과 전통은 이주 공동체, 번역, 문화 교류를 통해 세계로 확산되었습니다. 자연과의 조화와 절제는 현대적 대화에 영감을 줄 수 있지만 모든 신자의 입장이 같지는 않습니다."]],"method":"종교적 소속과 문화적 실천은 구분해야 합니다. 세계 종교 통계의 ‘기타 종교’ 항목만으로는 도교 신도 수를 따로 계산할 수 없습니다.","goBack":"10개 언어 종교 개요로 돌아가기","research":"도교 연구 자료","more":"더 알아보기","sourceNote":"본 페이지는 교육용이며 특정 도관·종파·종교 단체의 입장을 대변하지 않습니다."}},"hi":{"language":"हिन्दी","native":"हिन्दी","region":"उत्तर एवं मध्य भारत · विश्वभर के हिन्दी भाषी समुदाय","headline":"हिन्दी भाषी समाजों में धर्म और आस्था","intro":"हिन्दी भाषी क्षेत्रों में हिंदू, मुस्लिम, सिख, जैन, बौद्ध, ईसाई और अन्य समुदाय रहते हैं। भारत की धार्मिक विविधता को किसी एक भाषा से नहीं बाँधा जा सकता।","caution":"यह पूरे भारत या सभी हिन्दी भाषियों की धार्मिक जनगणना नहीं है। भाषा, क्षेत्र और धार्मिक पहचान अलग-अलग विषय हैं।","refs":["pew2025","muslim"],"cards":[{"id":"hi-1","name":"हिंदू धर्म","description":"अनेक दर्शन, पूजा-पद्धतियों और स्थानीय परंपराओं वाला व्यापक धर्म।","type":"faith"},{"id":"hi-2","name":"इस्लाम","description":"हिन्दी भाषी क्षेत्रों में महत्वपूर्ण मुस्लिम समुदाय मौजूद हैं।","type":"faith"},{"id":"hi-3","name":"सिख धर्म","description":"पंजाब से जुड़ी ऐतिहासिक परंपरा, जिसका प्रभाव अन्य क्षेत्रों में भी है।","type":"faith"},{"id":"hi-4","name":"जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म","description":"अहिंसा, साधना और विविध दार्शनिक परंपराओं से जुड़े धर्म।","type":"faith"},{"id":"hi-5","name":"ईसाई धर्म और अन्य परंपराएँ","description":"ईसाई तथा स्थानीय आदिवासी आस्था समुदाय भी मौजूद हैं।","type":"faith"},{"id":"hi-6","name":"गैर-धार्मिक पहचान","description":"कुछ लोग किसी धर्म से अपनी पहचान नहीं जोड़ते।","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"दाओवाद","link":"दाओवाद विशेष परिचय","cta":"दाओवाद के बारे में जानें","eyebrow":"सांस्कृतिक विशेषांक · दाओवाद","title":"दाओवाद: प्रकृति और मार्ग के साथ सामंजस्य","sub":"प्राचीन विचार, धार्मिक ग्रंथ, परंपराएँ, मंदिर, अनुष्ठान और सांस्कृतिक संवाद का परिचय।","context":"दाओवाद (ताओवाद) का उद्भव चीन में हुआ। इसमें दार्शनिक विचार, धार्मिक समुदाय, आत्म-साधना और अनुष्ठानों की परंपराएँ शामिल हैं। इसका लोक-आस्थाओं, बौद्ध और कन्फ्यूशियसी परंपराओं से संवाद रहा है, लेकिन ये सभी एक ही चीज़ नहीं हैं।","values":["दाओ और प्रकृति","बिना अनावश्यक दबाव के कर्म","करुणा और विनम्रता","आत्म-साधना"],"cards":[["विचार और धर्म","लाओत्से तथा झुआंगत्से से जुड़े ग्रंथ दाओवादी चिंतन के प्रमुख स्रोत हैं। बाद में स्वर्गीय आचार्यों जैसी संगठित धार्मिक परंपराएँ विकसित हुईं। दर्शन और धर्म में अंतर अध्ययन के लिए उपयोगी है, लेकिन उनका इतिहास जुड़ा हुआ है।"],["मुख्य अवधारणाएँ","दाओ का अर्थ मार्ग या वस्तुओं की गहरी प्रवृत्ति समझा जा सकता है। ज़िरान सहज स्वभाव को और वू-वेई अत्यधिक बल प्रयोग के बिना कर्म को दर्शाता है; इसका अर्थ निष्क्रियता नहीं है। यिन–यांग व्यापक चीनी संस्कृति का भी हिस्सा है।"],["प्रमुख ग्रंथ","दाओदे-जिंग और झुआंगत्से महत्वपूर्ण रचनाएँ हैं। दाओज़ांग में अनेक बाद के धार्मिक ग्रंथ, अनुष्ठान और ऐतिहासिक सामग्री संकलित हैं। कुछ प्राचीन ग्रंथों के रचनाकाल और लेखन पर विद्वानों में मतभेद हैं।"],["मुख्य परंपराएँ","झेंगयी का संबंध स्वर्गीय आचार्य परंपरा और सामुदायिक अनुष्ठानों से है। छ्वानझेन साधना, अनुशासन और कुछ मठवासी रूपों पर बल देती है। स्थान और समुदाय के अनुसार व्यवहार अलग होते हैं।"],["देवता और मंदिर","तीन पवित्र स्वरूप (सानछिंग) कई दाओवादी परंपराओं में प्रमुख हैं; लाओजुन और जेड सम्राट भी मिलते हैं। माजू और स्थानीय देवताओं की पूजा का दाओवादी अनुष्ठानों से मेल हो सकता है, पर वे केवल दाओवादी नहीं हैं।"],["अनुष्ठान और उत्सव","मंत्र-पाठ, सामुदायिक पूजा, अर्पण, मंदिर उत्सव और सेवा कार्य विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में अलग हैं। ताइवान में दाओवादी, बौद्ध और लोक-परंपराएँ अक्सर मिलती हैं। उत्सव में शामिल होना औपचारिक धार्मिक सदस्यता का प्रमाण नहीं है।"],["साधना और जीवन","ध्यान, श्वास-अभ्यास, नैतिक अनुशासन और प्रकृति के प्रति संवेदना कुछ परंपराओं में महत्वपूर्ण हैं। विधियाँ अलग-अलग हैं; बिना प्रमाण किसी सांस्कृतिक अभ्यास को चिकित्सकीय उपचार न कहा जाए।"],["वैश्विक संवाद","प्रवासी समुदायों, अनुवादों और सांस्कृतिक आदान-प्रदान से दाओवादी विचार विश्वभर में पहुँचे। संयम और प्रकृति से सामंजस्य संवाद को प्रेरित कर सकते हैं, पर सभी अनुयायियों के एक समान विचार नहीं होते।"]],"method":"धार्मिक पहचान और सांस्कृतिक आचरण अलग हो सकते हैं। वैश्विक आँकड़े दाओवाद को “अन्य धर्म” में रखते हैं; उससे अनुयायियों की अलग संख्या नहीं निकाली जा सकती।","goBack":"दस भाषाओं वाले धार्मिक परिचय पर लौटें","research":"दाओवाद: शोध स्रोत","more":"आगे पढ़ें","sourceNote":"यह शैक्षिक सामग्री है; किसी एक दाओवादी संस्था, मंदिर या समुदाय का आधिकारिक मत नहीं है।"}},"fr":{"language":"Français","native":"Français","region":"France · Québec · Belgique · Suisse romande · Afrique francophone","headline":"Religions et convictions dans les espaces francophones","intro":"Le monde francophone rassemble des sociétés très diverses : héritages catholiques et protestants, islam, traditions africaines, autres religions et absence d’affiliation religieuse.","caution":"La France, le Québec et l’Afrique francophone ne doivent pas être regroupés en une seule population religieuse.","refs":["pew2025","africa"],"cards":[{"id":"fr-1","name":"Catholicisme","description":"Héritage historique important dans de nombreuses régions francophones.","type":"faith"},{"id":"fr-2","name":"Protestantisme et autres christianismes","description":"Présents notamment en Europe, en Amérique du Nord et en Afrique.","type":"faith"},{"id":"fr-3","name":"Islam","description":"Une tradition majeure dans plusieurs régions d’Afrique francophone et dans diverses communautés.","type":"faith"},{"id":"fr-4","name":"Traditions spirituelles africaines","description":"Croyances et pratiques locales parfois associées à d’autres religions.","type":"tradition"},{"id":"fr-5","name":"Autres religions","description":"Des communautés juives, bouddhistes et d’autres traditions sont également présentes.","type":"faith"},{"id":"fr-6","name":"Sans affiliation religieuse","description":"Particulièrement visible dans certaines sociétés européennes et nord-américaines.","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"Taoïsme","link":"Dossier : taoïsme","cta":"Découvrir le taoïsme","eyebrow":"DOSSIER CULTUREL · TAOÏSME","title":"Taoïsme : vivre en harmonie avec la Voie","sub":"Découvrir les classiques, les écoles religieuses, les temples, les rites et les échanges culturels.","context":"Né en Chine, le taoïsme (ou daoïsme) englobe des idées philosophiques, des communautés religieuses, des pratiques de cultivation personnelle et des rites. Il dialogue avec les croyances populaires, le bouddhisme et le confucianisme sans se confondre avec eux.","values":["La Voie et la nature","Agir sans contraindre","Compassion et humilité","Cultiver sa vie"],"cards":[["Pensée et religion","Les textes associés à Laozi et Zhuangzi sont des sources majeures. Des mouvements religieux organisés, dont les Maîtres célestes, se sont développés ensuite. La distinction entre philosophie et religion facilite l’étude, mais leurs histoires se croisent."],["Notions essentielles","Le Dao peut désigner la Voie ou le cours profond des choses. Ziran évoque la spontanéité naturelle; wuwei ne signifie pas l’inaction, mais l’action sans contrainte excessive. Le yin et le yang appartiennent aussi à une cosmologie chinoise plus large."],["Textes fondamentaux","Le Daodejing et le Zhuangzi sont des classiques essentiels. Le Daozang (Canon taoïste) rassemble de nombreux écrits, règles et rituels ultérieurs. La datation et l’attribution de certains textes anciens restent discutées."],["Principales écoles","Zhengyi, issu de la tradition des Maîtres célestes, accorde une place importante aux rites communautaires. Quanzhen met l’accent sur la discipline spirituelle et certaines formes monastiques. Les usages varient selon les régions."],["Divinités et temples","Les Trois Purs occupent une place centrale dans nombre de traditions; Lao Jun et l’Empereur de Jade y figurent aussi. Le culte de Mazu et d’autres divinités locales peut croiser des rites taoïstes sans être exclusivement taoïste."],["Rites et fêtes","Récitations, offrandes, cérémonies, fêtes de temples et œuvres d’entraide changent selon les régions. À Taïwan, des pratiques taoïstes, bouddhiques et populaires se rencontrent. Participer à une fête ne suppose pas une affiliation formelle."],["Cultivation et quotidien","Méditation, respiration, discipline morale et attention à la nature caractérisent certaines traditions. Les pratiques diffèrent d’une école à l’autre et ne doivent pas être présentées comme des traitements médicaux prouvés."],["Dialogue international","Le taoïsme s’est diffusé par les diasporas, les traductions et les échanges culturels. Modération et harmonie avec la nature peuvent nourrir le dialogue actuel, sans attribuer une vision uniforme à tous les fidèles."]],"method":"L’appartenance religieuse ne se confond pas avec les pratiques culturelles. Les statistiques mondiales classent le taoïsme dans « autres religions » sans fournir d’effectif mondial distinct.","goBack":"Retour à la vue d’ensemble en dix langues","research":"Sources sur le taoïsme","more":"Pour approfondir","sourceNote":"Présentation éducative ne représentant aucune école, aucun temple ni aucune communauté religieuse."}},"id":{"language":"Bahasa Indonesia","native":"Bahasa Indonesia","region":"Indonesia · Asia Tenggara","headline":"Keberagaman agama dan kepercayaan di Indonesia","intro":"Bahasa Indonesia dipakai oleh masyarakat yang memiliki beragam agama dan tradisi. Islam merupakan agama mayoritas; Kekristenan, Hinduisme, Buddhisme, Konghucu, dan tradisi lokal juga berperan penting.","caution":"Bahasa tidak menentukan agama. Angka global tidak dapat langsung dianggap sebagai persentase penganut agama di Indonesia.","refs":["pew2025","britannica"],"cards":[{"id":"id-1","name":"Kekristenan","description":"Tradisi Katolik, Protestan, dan gereja-gereja Kristen lainnya berperan penting dalam sejarah Indonesia, meskipun tingkat persebarannya berbeda menurut daerah.","type":"faith"},{"id":"id-2","name":"Islam","description":"Islam merupakan agama yang dianut oleh mayoritas penduduk Indonesia, dengan tradisi dan organisasi masyarakat yang beragam.","type":"faith"},{"id":"id-3","name":"Hinduisme","description":"Hinduisme terutama berkaitan dengan tradisi Bali dan komunitas lainnya, dengan praktik dan sejarah setempat yang khas.","type":"faith"},{"id":"id-4","name":"Buddhisme, Konghucu, dan tradisi lain","description":"Komunitas Buddhis, penganut Konghucu, dan berbagai tradisi lokal berkontribusi pada keragaman agama Indonesia.","type":"faith"},{"id":"id-5","name":"Kepercayaan masyarakat adat","description":"Aliran kepercayaan dan adat istiadat berbagai komunitas tetap memiliki peran budaya yang penting dan tidak boleh disamakan begitu saja dengan agama lain.","type":"tradition"},{"id":"id-6","name":"Tanpa afiliasi keagamaan","description":"Identitas agama resmi, keyakinan pribadi, dan praktik budaya tidak selalu sama; survei harus dijelaskan sesuai metode dan konteksnya.","type":"none"}],"taoism":{"name":"Daoisme / Taoisme","link":"Sorotan tentang Taoisme","cta":"Jelajahi Daoisme","eyebrow":"KAJIAN BUDAYA · DAOISME","title":"Daoisme: Hidup Selaras dengan Jalan Alam","sub":"Memahami pemikiran klasik, kitab, aliran keagamaan, kuil, ritus, dan hubungan budaya Taoisme.","context":"Berasal dari Tiongkok, Daoisme mencakup gagasan filsafat, komunitas keagamaan, pengembangan diri, dan tradisi ritual. Daoisme berinteraksi dengan kepercayaan rakyat, Buddhisme, dan Konfusianisme tetapi tidak identik dengan semuanya.","values":["Dao dan alam","Bertindak tanpa memaksa","Belas kasih dan kerendahan hati","Pembinaan diri dan kehidupan"],"cards":[["Pemikiran dan agama","Karya-karya yang dikaitkan dengan Laozi dan Zhuangzi muncul dalam pemikiran Tiongkok kuno. Gerakan agama yang terorganisasi berkembang kemudian. Aspek filsafat dan agama saling terhubung dalam sejarahnya."],["Konsep utama","Dao dapat dipahami sebagai Jalan atau proses alami segala hal. Ziran merujuk pada kewajaran alami, sedangkan wuwei bukan berarti diam, melainkan bertindak tanpa paksaan berlebihan. Yin–yang merupakan konsep kosmologi Tiongkok yang lebih luas."],["Teks klasik","Daodejing dan Zhuangzi memengaruhi pemikiran Daois. Daozang memuat kitab-kitab, ritus, dan catatan tradisi sesudahnya. Usia serta kepengarangan beberapa teks awal masih diperdebatkan."],["Aliran utama","Zhengyi berkaitan dengan tradisi Guru Langit dan ritual masyarakat. Quanzhen menekankan disiplin pembinaan diri dan beberapa bentuk kehidupan monastik. Praktiknya bervariasi menurut tempat."],["Dewa dan kuil","Tiga Yang Murni menjadi pusat pemujaan di banyak lingkungan Daois. Lao Jun dan Kaisar Giok juga dikenal. Tradisi pemujaan Mazu serta dewa lokal dapat tumpang tindih, tetapi tidak selalu khusus Daoisme."],["Ritual dan perayaan","Pembacaan kitab, ritus bersama, persembahan, dan perayaan kuil berbeda menurut daerah. Di Taiwan, praktik Daois, Buddhis, dan kepercayaan lokal sering bertemu. Partisipasi festival tidak selalu berarti afiliasi formal."],["Pembinaan diri dan kesejahteraan","Meditasi, latihan napas, disiplin etika, dan kepedulian lingkungan muncul dalam sebagian aliran. Praktik budaya tidak boleh dianggap sebagai terapi medis yang terbukti tanpa bukti ilmiah."],["Dialog dunia","Terjemahan, diaspora, dan pertukaran budaya menyebarkan pemikiran Daois ke berbagai negara. Perhatian pada alam dan kesederhanaan dapat mendukung dialog lintas budaya tanpa menyamaratakan para penganutnya."]],"method":"Identitas agama berbeda dari praktik budaya. Perkiraan global Pew memasukkan Daoisme ke kategori agama lain dan tidak mengukur seluruh penganut Daoisme secara terpisah.","goBack":"Kembali ke tinjauan sepuluh bahasa","research":"Referensi penelitian Daoisme","more":"Baca lebih lanjut","sourceNote":"Ringkasan edukatif ini tidak mewakili pendapat resmi aliran, kuil, atau organisasi Daois mana pun."}}},"ui":{"en":{"masthead":"Global faith & cultural traditions","eyebrow":"10-LANGUAGE RESEARCH ATLAS","choose":"Explore by language","section":"Religious and cultural traditions","explain":"Identity and practice are not the same","sourceHead":"Reference sources","globalHead":"Worldwide religious affiliation · 2020","globalSub":"2025 study · survey estimates for 2020","globalNote":"A language is not a religion. Figures shown below describe the whole world, not a language group.","faith":"Faith","tradition":"Cultural tradition","none":"Unaffiliated","share":"Share this page","back":"Back to BSGAI Global","mission":"Global culture · peace · mutual respect","original":"Original source ↗","note":"Research note","method":"Sources and methodology","methodDesc":"Pew estimates group some local religions under “other religions.” Religious identity and customary practice may overlap.","api":"View all data via JSON API","copy":"Copy link","copied":"Copied","endorse":"Site links to the original research. No claim of official endorsement.","versions":"10 language editions","date":"Research review: 21 Oct 2026","taoLink":"Daoism spotlight"},"zh":{"masthead":"全球宗教與文化信仰","eyebrow":"十大語系文化研究圖鑑","choose":"選擇語言","section":"主要宗教與文化傳統","explain":"宗教認同與文化實踐不完全相同","sourceHead":"研究資料來源","globalHead":"全球宗教認同分布 · 2020 年","globalSub":"2025 年研究發布 · 估算基準年 2020","globalNote":"語言不等於宗教。下方數據為全球人口估算，不代表任何單一語系。","faith":"宗教","tradition":"文化傳統","none":"無宗教認同","share":"分享此頁","back":"返回 BSGAI 全球主站","mission":"全球文化 · 和平 · 互相尊重","original":"閱讀原始來源 ↗","note":"研究提醒","method":"來源及研究方法","methodDesc":"Pew 研究將部分地方宗教列入「其他宗教」。正式宗教認同和生活習俗可能重疊。","api":"透過 JSON API 讀取完整資料","copy":"複製連結","copied":"已複製","endorse":"本站提供研究來源，不代表研究機構對本站背書。","versions":"10 種語言版本","date":"研究整理：2026 年 10 月 21 日","taoLink":"道教重點專區"},"ja":{"masthead":"世界の宗教と文化的伝統","eyebrow":"10言語の文化調査","choose":"言語を選ぶ","section":"主な宗教と文化的伝統","explain":"宗教的な所属と実践は同じではありません","sourceHead":"出典資料","globalHead":"世界の宗教所属 · 2020年","globalSub":"2025年公表・2020年推計","globalNote":"言語と宗教は同義ではありません。以下は世界全体の数字です。","faith":"宗教","tradition":"文化的伝統","none":"無宗教","share":"このページを共有","back":"BSGAI Globalへ戻る","mission":"世界の文化・平和・相互尊重","original":"原典を見る ↗","note":"調査上の注意","method":"出典と方法","methodDesc":"民間信仰は「その他の宗教」に含まれる場合があり、帰属と実践は重なることがあります。","api":"JSON APIでデータを表示","copy":"リンクをコピー","copied":"コピーしました","endorse":"本サイトは研究機関による公式な承認を受けていません。","versions":"10言語版","date":"更新日：2026年10月21日","taoLink":"道教特集"},"ar":{"masthead":"الأديان والتقاليد الثقافية حول العالم","eyebrow":"دليل ثقافي بعشر لغات","choose":"اختر اللغة","section":"الأديان والتقاليد الرئيسية","explain":"الانتماء الديني والممارسة الثقافية ليسا شيئًا واحدًا","sourceHead":"المصادر البحثية","globalHead":"الانتماء الديني عالميًا · 2020","globalSub":"نُشرت الدراسة في 2025 · تقديرات 2020","globalNote":"اللغة ليست دينًا، وهذه الأرقام تخص العالم كله لا مجموعة لغوية بعينها.","faith":"دين","tradition":"تقليد ثقافي","none":"بلا انتماء ديني","share":"مشاركة الصفحة","back":"العودة إلى BSGAI Global","mission":"ثقافة عالمية · سلام · احترام متبادل","original":"المصدر الأصلي ↗","note":"ملاحظة بحثية","method":"المصادر والمنهجية","methodDesc":"تُدرج بعض الديانات المحلية ضمن «ديانات أخرى»، وقد تتداخل الهوية مع الممارسة.","api":"عرض البيانات عبر JSON API","copy":"نسخ الرابط","copied":"تم النسخ","endorse":"لا يعني ذكر المصادر تأييد المؤسسات البحثية للموقع.","versions":"عشر نسخ لغوية","date":"مراجعة: 21 أكتوبر 2026","taoLink":"ملف خاص: الطاوية"},"es":{"masthead":"Religiones y tradiciones culturales del mundo","eyebrow":"ATLAS CULTURAL EN DIEZ IDIOMAS","choose":"Elegir idioma","section":"Religiones y tradiciones principales","explain":"Identidad religiosa y práctica cultural no son lo mismo","sourceHead":"Fuentes de investigación","globalHead":"Afiliación religiosa mundial · 2020","globalSub":"Estudio publicado en 2025 · estimaciones de 2020","globalNote":"Una lengua no determina una religión. Los datos corresponden al mundo entero.","faith":"Religión","tradition":"Tradición cultural","none":"Sin afiliación","share":"Compartir esta página","back":"Volver a BSGAI Global","mission":"Cultura global · paz · respeto mutuo","original":"Fuente original ↗","note":"Nota de investigación","method":"Fuentes y metodología","methodDesc":"Algunas religiones locales se agrupan como «otras religiones»; la identidad y la práctica pueden coincidir.","api":"Consultar datos mediante API JSON","copy":"Copiar enlace","copied":"Copiado","endorse":"Citar una fuente no implica su respaldo oficial.","versions":"10 versiones lingüísticas","date":"Revisión: 21 de octubre de 2026","taoLink":"Especial: taoísmo"},"vi":{"masthead":"Tôn giáo và truyền thống văn hóa thế giới","eyebrow":"KHẢO CỨU VĂN HÓA 10 NGÔN NGỮ","choose":"Chọn ngôn ngữ","section":"Các tôn giáo và truyền thống chính","explain":"Danh tính tôn giáo không đồng nghĩa với thực hành văn hóa","sourceHead":"Nguồn nghiên cứu","globalHead":"Tôn giáo trên thế giới · 2020","globalSub":"Nghiên cứu công bố năm 2025 · ước tính năm 2020","globalNote":"Ngôn ngữ không quyết định tôn giáo; số liệu này dành cho toàn thế giới.","faith":"Tôn giáo","tradition":"Truyền thống văn hóa","none":"Không tôn giáo","share":"Chia sẻ trang","back":"Về BSGAI Global","mission":"Văn hóa toàn cầu · hòa bình · tôn trọng","original":"Xem nguồn gốc ↗","note":"Lưu ý nghiên cứu","method":"Nguồn và phương pháp","methodDesc":"Một số tôn giáo địa phương được xếp vào nhóm «tôn giáo khác»; danh tính và thực hành có thể giao thoa.","api":"Xem dữ liệu qua JSON API","copy":"Sao chép liên kết","copied":"Đã sao chép","endorse":"Việc trích dẫn không hàm ý tổ chức nghiên cứu bảo trợ trang web.","versions":"10 phiên bản ngôn ngữ","date":"Rà soát: 21/10/2026","taoLink":"Chuyên đề Đạo giáo"},"de":{"masthead":"Religionen und kulturelle Traditionen weltweit","eyebrow":"KULTURATLAS IN ZEHN SPRACHEN","choose":"Sprache wählen","section":"Wichtige Religionen und Traditionen","explain":"Religiöse Zugehörigkeit ist nicht gleich kulturelle Praxis","sourceHead":"Quellen","globalHead":"Weltweite Religionszugehörigkeit · 2020","globalSub":"Studie von 2025 · Schätzungen für 2020","globalNote":"Eine Sprache bestimmt keine Religion. Diese Zahlen gelten für die Weltbevölkerung.","faith":"Religion","tradition":"Kulturelle Tradition","none":"Konfessionslos","share":"Seite teilen","back":"Zurück zu BSGAI Global","mission":"Globale Kultur · Frieden · Respekt","original":"Originalquelle ↗","note":"Forschungshinweis","method":"Quellen und Methodik","methodDesc":"Manche lokale Religionen werden unter „andere Religionen“ geführt; Identität und Praxis können sich überlappen.","api":"Daten über JSON-API anzeigen","copy":"Link kopieren","copied":"Kopiert","endorse":"Quellenangaben bedeuten keine offizielle Unterstützung.","versions":"10 Sprachfassungen","date":"Stand: 21. 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Ces chiffres concernent la population mondiale.","faith":"Religion","tradition":"Tradition culturelle","none":"Sans affiliation","share":"Partager cette page","back":"Retour à BSGAI Global","mission":"Culture mondiale · paix · respect mutuel","original":"Source originale ↗","note":"Note méthodologique","method":"Sources et méthodologie","methodDesc":"Certaines religions locales figurent dans « autres religions » ; les identités et les pratiques peuvent se recouper.","api":"Consulter les données via API JSON","copy":"Copier le lien","copied":"Copié","endorse":"Les citations ne constituent pas une approbation officielle du site.","versions":"10 versions linguistiques","date":"Révision : 21 octobre 2026","taoLink":"Dossier : taoïsme"},"id":{"masthead":"Agama dunia dan tradisi budaya","eyebrow":"ATLAS PENELITIAN 10 BAHASA","choose":"Pilih bahasa","section":"Tradisi agama dan budaya","explain":"Identitas tidak selalu sama dengan praktik","sourceHead":"Sumber rujukan","globalHead":"Afiliasi agama dunia · 2020","globalSub":"Studi 2025 · estimasi 2020","globalNote":"Bahasa bukan agama. 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